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The Textbook of Spinal Surgery, 3ed. [Bridwell - LIPPINCOTT Williams and Wilkins]

ISBN/EAN
9780781786201
Editore
LIPPINCOTT Williams and Wilkins
Formato
Cartonato
Anno
2011
Edizione
3
Pagine
2112

Disponibile

300,00 €
Recognized as one of the leading references on the spine, this comprehensive two-volume text brings together experts from around the world to discuss the full scope of spinal surgery. This edition has many new contributors, including both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons, and presents a broad survey of all aspects of spinal surgery, including degenerative disorders, deformities, tumors, fractures, infections, and more. Chapters describe current surgical techniques in detail and discuss indications, preoperative and postoperative care, and possible complications. More than 3,500 illustrations complement the text, and bulleted points, tables, and algorithms are used extensively throughout. A companion Website with the fully searchable text and procedural video is included with the two-volume text.

Maggiori Informazioni

Autore Bridwell Keith H.; DeWald Ronald L.
Editore LIPPINCOTT Williams and Wilkins
Anno 2011
Tipologia Libro
Lingua Inglese
Indice Volume I SECTION I: General Considerations SECTION EDITOR: JOHN M. RHEE 1. The Evolution of Spine Surgery since the Second Edition of The Textbook of Spinal Surgery. 1 RONALD L. DEWALD 2. Spinal Cord and Nerve Root Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ANNE M. PADBERG, BARRY L. RAYNOR, EARL D. THUET, AND SHELLY M. BOLON 3. Bone Grafting and Spine Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 JOHN LOUIS-UGBO AND SCOTT D. BODEN 4. Medical Complications in the Adult Spinal Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ALEXIS B.C. DANG AND SERENA S. HU 5. Trunk Range of Motion and Gait Considerations in Patients with Spinal Deformity. 57 JACK R. ENGSBERG, LAWRENCE G. LENKE, AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL SECTION II: Biomechanics SECTION EDITOR: TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 6. General Considerations of Biomechanical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ANTON E. DMITRIEV 7. Basic Pedicle Screw and Construct Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 C.H. CRAWFORD III, B.A. O’SHAUGHNESSY, AND T.R. KUKLO 8. Biomechanics of Three-Dimensional Scoliosis Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ANDREW G. S. KING AND MANISH P. LAMBAT 9. Treatment Considerations and Biomechanics of the Lumbosacral Spine . . . . . . . . 86 GEOFFREY CRONEN AND TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 10. Normal Spinal Anatomy: Normal Sagittal Plane Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 MARK BERNHARDT SECTION III: Anatomic Approaches SECTION EDITOR: RONALD A. LEHMAN, JR. 11. “Microscopic” Approach to the Posterior Lumbar Spine for Decompression . . . 101 JASON P. YOUNG AND PAUL H. YOUNG 12. Minimal Access Techniques Using Tubular Retractors for Disc Herniations and Stenosis. 110 NEEL ANAND AND ELI M. BARON 13. Anterior Cervical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 RONALD A. LEHMAN JR AND K. DANIEL K. RIEW 14. Jaw-Splitting Approaches to the Upper Cervical Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 DANIEL M. SCIUBBA, GREGORY S. MCLOUGHLIN, ZIYA L. GOKASLAN, AND JEAN-PAUL WOLINSKY 15. The Modifi ed Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction . . . . . . . . . . . 140 KAMRAN MAJID AND HARRY N. HERKOWITZ 16. Transsternal Approaches to the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 DANIEL M. SCIUBBA, CLARKE NELSON, JEAN-PAUL WOLINSKY, AND ZIYA L. GOKASLAN 17. Anterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Down to L4 . . . . . . . . . . 158 MELVIN D. HELGESON AND RONALD A. LEHMAN JR 18. Anterior Approaches to the Distal Lumbar Spine and Sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 JOHN E. TIS AND RONALD A. LEHMAN JR 19. Direct Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 NEEL ANAND AND ELI M. BARON SECTION IV: The Cervical Degenerative Spine SECTION EDITOR: JOHN M. RHEE 20. Cervical State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 JOHN M. RHEE 21. Evaluation of Axial Neck Pain. Who is a Surgical Candidate and Who Isn’t: How to Manage the Nonoperative Treatment, How to Work Up the Pathology . . . 185 KEITH RINKUS AND JOHN M. RHEE 22. Cervical Radiculopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Nonoperative Treatment . . . . . 196 PETER S. ROSE, JOHN M. RHEE, AND K. DANIEL RIEW 23. Cervical Spondylosis and Radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 ANDELLE L. TENG, COREY WALLACH, AND JEFFREY C. WANG 24. Cervical Myelopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 JOHN M. RHEE, SUSHIL K. BASRA, AND K. DANIEL RIEW 25. Occipitocervical and Atlantoaxial Methods of Fusion: C1-2 Fixation, Harms Screw, Magerl Screw, Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 RAHEEL AHMED, VINCENT C. TRAYNELIS, AND ALEXANDER R. VACCARO 26. Anterior Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Corpectomy, Strut Grafting . 236 AHMAD NASSR, RAVI K. PONNAPPAN, AND JAMES D. KANG 27. Anterior Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Discectomy, Foraminotomy, Disc Space Carpentry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 RAVI K. PONNAPPAN, AHMAD NASSR, AND JAMES D. KANG 28. Anterior Cervical Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 ANDREW W. MACK, RONALD A. LEHMAN III, AND TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 29. Indications and Techniques for Transoral and Foramen Magnum Decompression . 276 ARNOLD H. MENEZES 30. Subaxial Posterior Decompression and Fusion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 DOUGLAS D. NOWAK, KORNELIS A. POELSTRA, AND STEVEN C. LUDWIG 31. Subaxial Posterior Foraminotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 DOUGLAS D. NOWAK, RA’KERRY K. RAHMAN, KORNELIS A. POELSTRA, AND STEVEN C. LUDWIG 32. Subaxial Posterior Laminoplasty and Laminectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 DOUGLAS D. NOWAK, KORNELIS A. POELSTRA, AND STEVEN C. LUDWIG 33. Subaxial Posterior Lateral Mass Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 MELVIN D. HELGESON AND RONALD A. LEHMAN JR. 34. Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 KUNIYOSHI ABUMI, MANABU ITO, AND HIDEKI SUDO 35. Revision Cervical Spine Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 BRIAN A. O’SHAUGHNESSY, CHARLES H. CRAWFORD III, RONALD L. LEHMAN, AND TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 36. Cervical Disc Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 WELLINGTON K. HSU AND PAUL A. ANDERSON SECTION V: The Thoracic and Lumbar Degenerative Spine SECTION EDITOR: TIMOTHY R. KUKLOW 37. Thoracic and Lumbar Degenerative Disorders: State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 38. Evaluation of Thoracic and Lumbar Axial Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 KATHRYN KEELER AND JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 39. Evaluation of Thoracic and Lumbar Radicular Pathology. Who Is a Surgical Candidate and Who Isn’t .. 367 KATHRYN A. KEELER AND JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 40. Use of Discography to Evaluate Lumbar Back Pain with an Eye Toward Surgical Treatment . 376 EUGENE J. CARRAGEE AND ANGUS S. DON 41. Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 DAVID LEE SPENCER 42. Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 GBOLAHAN O. OKUBADEJO AND JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 43. Revision Laminectomy: Indications and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 PETER D. ANGEVINE 44. Strategies and Techniques for Dural Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 CHRIS J. NEAL, TYLER KOSKI, AND STEPHEN L. ONDRA 45. When to Consider ALIF, TLIF, PLIF, PSF, or Motion-Preserving Techniques .. 418 DAVID W. POLLY AND EDWARD RAINIER G. SANTOS 46. Motion-Preservation Techniques (Other Than Disc Arthroplasty) . . . . . . . . . . . 428 JOHN G. DEVINE 47. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion/Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion. 436 CHRISTOPHER R. GOOD AND TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 48. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 MICHAEL K. ROSNER AND VICTORIA A. CAMPBELL 49. Minimally Invasive Posterior Surgery for the Lumbar Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 JAMES D. SCHWENDER AND BRIAN C. HSU 50.1. Total Disc Replacement: Concepts/Design Strategy/Indications/ Contraindications/Complications . 463 JAMES J. YUE, BRANDON LAWRENCE, AND FRED MO 50.2. Total Disc Replacement—Maverick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 MATTHEW F. GORNET 50.3. Lumbar Total Disc Replacement: CHARITE Artifi cial Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 OREN N. GOTTFRIED AND DARREL S. BRODKE 50.4. Total Disc Replacement: ProDisc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 UFUK TALU, RUDOLF BERTAGNOLI, HARTMANN HABBICHT, GANESH SWAMY, AND SERENA S. HU 51. Revision Lumbar Spine Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 JOSHUA D. AUERBACH AND TIMOTHY R. KUKLO 52. Complications of Lumbosacral Spine Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 JOHN R. DIMAR II 53. The Future: Disc Regeneration and Other Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 DANIEL K. PARK, MICHAEL B. ELLMAN, KERN SINGH, AND HOWARD S. AN 54. Posterior Dynamic Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 ZACHARY A. SMITH AND LAWRENCE T. KHOO 55. Thoracic Discectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 DAVID J. MOLLER AND JOHN C. LIU 56. Thoracic Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 TYLER KOSKI AND FADI NASR SECTION VI: Spondylolisthesis SECTION EDITOR: CHARLES C. EDWARDS II 57. Spondylolisthesis: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 CHARLES EDWARDS II AND MARK WEIDENBAUM 58. Wiltse and Marchetti/Bartolozzi Classifi cations of Spondylolisthesis—Guidelines for Treatment . 556 RA’KERRY K. RAHMAN, JOSEPH PERRA, AND MARK WEIDENBAUM 59. Sacro-Pelvic Morphology, Spino-Pelvic Alignment, and the Spinal Deformity Study Group Classifi cation . .. 563 HUBERT LABELLE AND JEAN-MARC MAC-THIONG 60. The Natural History of Spondylolisthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 KIM HAMMERBERG AND MUSTAFA KHAN 61. Pars Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 PURNENDU GUPTA AND MUNISH C. GUPTA 62.1. Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 M. TIMOTHY HRESKO 62.2. Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis in Adults: Surgical Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 STEVEN MARDJETKO 63. Adult Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Without Lysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 STEVEN S. AGABEGI, DAVID M. MONTGOMERY, AND HARRY N. HERKOWITZ 64. High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: Fusion In Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 MAURICIO A. CAMPOS DAZIANO AND STUART WEINSTEIN 65. High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: Partial Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 PIERRE ROUSSOULY AND RICHARD B. MEYRAT 66. High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: Posterior Decompression and Spanning/Dowel Fibula .. . 646 RICK C. SASSO AND JAMES E. LASHLEY 67. High Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis: Anatomic Reduction. The Harms/Shuffl ebarger Technique . 660 HARRY L. SHUFFLEBARGER 68. Reduction of High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: The Edwards Technique . . . . . . . . 668 CHARLES C. EDWARDS AND CHARLES C. EDWARDS II 69. The L5 Vertebrectomy Approach for the Treatment of Spondyloptosis with Reduction of L4 onto S1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 JULIAN A. ROMAGNOLI, JWALANT S. MEHTA, AND ROBERT W. GAINES 70. Complications of Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 JOHN P. LUBICKY AND AMER ZENI Volume II SECTION VII: Idiopathic Scoliosis SECTION EDITOR: CHARLES C. EDWARDS II 71. Introduction to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 CHARLES C. EDWARDS II AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 72. Natural History Including Measures of Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 JAMES O. SANDERS 73. Clinical Assessment and Parent–Patient Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 ANTHONY RINELLA 74. Spinal Deformity Outcomes Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 RUDOLPH CHRISTOPHER GLATTES, DOUGLAS C. BURTON, AND SUE MIN LAI 75. Radiographic Classifi cation Scheme: Lenke Classifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 LAWRENCE G. LENKE 76. Fusionless Surgery and Growing Rod Techniques for Infantile and Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 BEHROOZ A. AKBARNIA, GEORGE H. THOMPSON, AND GREGORY M. MUNDIS JR 77. Stapling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 TIMOTHY S. OSWALD, PATRICK J. CAHILL, AMER F. SAMDANI, AND RANDAL R. BETZ 78. Open and Thoracoscopic Anterior Thoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 PETER O. NEWTON AND VIDYADHAR V. UPASANI 79. Thoracoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 DAVID H. CLEMENTS, AMER F. SAMDANI, AND RANDAL R. BETZ 80. Evolution of Instrumentation for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . 800 GBOLAHAN O. OKUBADEJO AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 81. Short Segment “Bone-on-Bone” Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . 808 JULIAN A. ROMAGNOLI AND ROBERT W. GAINES 82. Posterior Spinal Deformity Correction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 BRIAN A. O’SHAUGHNESSY AND LAWRENCE G. LENKE 83. Anterior Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Correction and Fusion for AIS . . . . . . . . 848 DANIEL J. SUCATO, HONG ZHANG, AND CHARLES E. JOHNSTON 84. Treatment of Thoracic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 KEITH H. BRIDWELL 85. Selective Thoracic Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 BRETT FREEDMAN, CHARLES EDWARDS II, AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 86. Complications Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery . . . . . . . 905 MARK C. LEE, B. STEPHENS RICHARDS, AND CHARLES E. JOHNSTON SECTION VIII: Adult Spinal Deformity SECTION EDITOR: CHRISTOPHER L. HAMILL 87. Adult Spinal Deformity—Introduction/State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 CHRISTOPHER L. HAMILL 88. Adult Spinal Deformity Classifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 FRANK SCHWAB, SIGURD BERVEN, AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 89. De Novo Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 ASHISH PATEL, FRANK SCHWAB, AND JEAN-PIERRE FARCY 90. Sagittal Imbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 CHRISTOPHER L. HAMILL, PETER D. ANGEVINE, AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 91. Fixed Coronal Imbalance of the Spine: Clinical Signifi cance and Operative Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 BRIAN HSU AND SIGURD BERVEN 92. Spinal Deformity in the Older Patient With Kyphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962 FRANK L. ACOSTA JR, TYLER KOSKI, AND STEPHEN L. ONDRA 93. Revision Surgeries for Adult Spinal Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 MATTHEW E. CUNNINGHAM AND OHENEBA BOACHIE-ADJEI 94. Smith-Petersen Osteotomy of the Spine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 DOUGLAS C. BURTON 95. Pedicle Subtraction Procedures for Complex Spinal Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 BRIAN A. O’SHAUGHNESSY, JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI, AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL 96. Vertebral Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Posterior Approach . . 999 SE-IL SUK 97. Vertebral Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Anterior and Posterior Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 SIGURD BERVEN AND DAVID S. BRADFORD 98. Minimally Invasive Deformity Surgery: Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 FADI NASR, TYLER KOSKI, JOHN LIU, STEPHEN ONDRA, AND RICHARD FESSLER 99. Fusion to the Sacrum and Fixation Techniques of the Sacropelvic Junction . . . 1031 ANGEL E. MACAGNO AND MICHAEL F. O’BRIEN 100. Structural Grafting for Adult Spinal Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052 PETER D. ANGEVINE AND KEITH H. BRIDWELL SECTION IX: Dysplastic and Congenital Deformities SECTION EDITOR: SCOTT J. LUHMANN 101. Introduction/State of the Art in the Care of Dysplastic and Congenital Spine Deformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059 SCOTT J. LUHMANN 102. Dysplastic Scoliosis: Neurofi bromatosis Spinal Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062 ALVIN H. CRAWFORD, AND KEITH R. GABRIEL 103. Spinal Deformities in Marfan Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 PAUL D. SPONSELLER 104. Spinal Deformity in Skeletal Dysplasia Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084 ERIC D. SHIRLEY AND MICHAEL C. AIN 105. The Spine in Osteogenesis Imperfecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099 PAUL D. SPONSELLER AND SERGIO A. GLAIT 106. Spinal Deformity in Familial Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 DAVID S. FELDMAN, FULYA ÜSTÜNKAN, AND DEBRA A. SALA 107. Congenital Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118 MICHAEL J. MCMASTER 108. Hemivertebra Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139 MICHAEL RUF AND JÜRGEN HARMS 109. Congenital Intraspinal Anomalies: Spinal Dysraphism—Embryology, Pathology, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149 JEFFREY LEONARD, M. MOHSIN SHAH, AND BRUCE KAUFMAN 110. Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179 ROBERT M. CAMPBELL JR. 111. Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine in Children:Management of Segmental Instability and Spinal Canal Encroachment . . . . . . 1194 HARISH S. HOSALKAR, DANIELLE B. CAMERON, AND DENIS S. DRUMMOND SECTION X: Paralytic Deformity SECTION EDITOR: SCOTT J. LUHMANN 112. Introduction/State of the Art in the Care of the Paralytic and Neuromuscular Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 SCOTT J. LUHMANN 113. Paralytic Scoliosis and the Spastic Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214 THOMAS G. MCPARTLAND AND JOHN B. EMANS 114. Surgical Treatment of Flaccid Neuromuscular Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229 GILBERT CHAN, DAVID A. SPIEGEL, AND DENIS S. DRUMMOND 115. Surgical Treatment of Myelomeningocele Deformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 RICHARD E. MCCARTHY 116. Management of Paralytic Neuromuscular Disorders with an Emphasis on Pelvic Obliquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252 DANIEL J. HEDEQUIST 117. Role of Halo Traction and Halo-Femoral Traction in Paralytic/Neuromuscular Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265 SCOTT J. LUHMANN AND DAVID L. SKAGGS SECTION XI: Kyphosis and Postlaminectomy Deformities SECTION EDITOR: PETER D. ANGEVINE 118. Introduction and Current State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279 PETER ANGEVINE 119. Cervical Instability and Kyphosis (Rheumatoid, Dwarfi sm, Degenerative, Others) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281 ERIC HARRIS, JAMES LAWRENCE, JEFFREY RIHN, JOSEPH GONDUSKY, AND ALAN HILIBRAND 120. Surgical Treatment of Scheuermann’s Kyphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295 ANGEL E. MACAGNO, MICHAEL F. O’BRIEN, AND HARRY L. SHUFFLEBARGER 121. Short-Segment Anterior Fusion of Symptomatic Scheuermann’s Disease . . . . . 1312 JWALANT S. MEHTA AND ROBERT W. GAINES 122. Postlaminectomy Deformities in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine . . . . . . . . . . 1326 BRANDON G. ROCQUE, SHARAD RAJPAL, AND DANIEL K. RESNICK 123. Posttraumatic Deformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 124. Ankylosing Spondylitis/Thoracolumbar Deformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 CHRISTOPHER L. HAMILL 125. Cervicothoracic Extension Osteotomy for Chin-On-Chest Deformity . . . . . . . 1345 CHRISTOPHER G. FUREY 126. The Role of Osteotomies in the Cervical Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355 K. DANIEL RIEW AND ADAM L. WOLLOWICK SECTION XII: Trauma SECTION EDITOR: RONALD A. LEHMAN, JR. 127. Trauma State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377 RONALD A. LEHMAN, JR. AND TOBIN ECKEL 128. Classifi cation of Cervical Spine Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381 ALPESH A. PATEL, ALEXANDER R. VACCARO, AND PAUL A. ANDERSON 129. Classifi cation of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1390 RONALD A. LEHMAN, JR., JASON T. BESSEY, AND ALEXANDER R. VACCARO 130. Surgical Management of Cervical Spine Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 KELLEY BANAGAN AND DANIEL GELB 131. Anterior and Posterior Instrumentation Techniques Used in the Thoracic Spine for Treatment of Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 DAVID H. KIM, JEFFREY A. RIHN, AND TODD J. ALBERT 132. Surgical Treatment of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1424 MICHAEL D. DAUBS AND ROBERT SHAY BESS 133. Anterior Decompression Techniques for Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures . . . . . 1439 DAVIS L. REAMES, D. KOJO HAMILTON, TOOMAS ANTON, AND CHRISTOPHER I. SHAFFREY 134. Minimal Access Techniques for Spine Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449 JOSEPH RIINA, DAVID G. SCHWARTZ, JASON E. SMITH, AND KATHY J. FLINT 135. Management and Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Lumbosacral Region and the Sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 CARLO BELLABARBA, THOMAS A. SCHILDHAUER, M.L. CHIP ROUTT, AND JENS R. CHAPMAN 136. Novel Approaches to Neural Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1474 ELENA OKON, JESSICA HILLYER, AND BRIAN K. KWON SECTION XIII: Tumor and Osteomyelitis SECTION EDITOR: PETER D. ANGEVINE 137. Introduction and State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485 PETER D. ANGEVINE 138. Benign Tumors of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 SUMEET GARG AND JOHN P. DORMANS 139. Primary Malignant Tumors of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1499 GREGORY S. MCLOUGHLIN, DANIEL M. SCIUBBA, AND JEAN-PAUL WOLINSKY 140. The Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Spine Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 ILYA LAUFER, PETER S. ROSE, AND MARK H. BILSKY 141. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520 KAZUTOSHI HIDA 142. Intradural, Extramedullary Spinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 ALFRED T. OGDEN AND PAUL C. MCCORMICK 143. Spinal Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1544 MICHELLE J. CLARKE, WILLIAM E. KRAUSS, AND MARK A. PICHELMANN 14 4. Spinal Infection/Osteomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553 SANFORD E. EMERY AND RYAN T. GOCKE 145. Tumors of the Sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1560 ALEXANDRE RASOULI, H. THOMAS TEMPLE, AND FRANK J. EISMONT 146. Adjuvant Therapy of Spinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575 ILYA LAUFER, YOSHIYA YAMADA, AND MARK H. BILSKY SECTION XIV: Complications SECTION EDITOR: JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 147. Introduction/State-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581 JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 148. Neurological Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1584 LUKAS P. ZEBALA AND JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 149. Reconstruction of Complex Spinal Wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591 BRENDAN COLLINS AND RICHARD J. REDETT 150. Vascular Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1598 GREGORY GEBAUER AND A. JAY KHANNA 151. Postoperative Early and Late Wound/Implant Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608 SUMEET GARG AND JACOB M. BUCHOWSKI 152. Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula and Pseudomeningocele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 KENE UGOKWE AND EDWARD C. BENZEL 153. Pseudarthrosis in Spinal Deformity Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 YONGJUNG J. KIM AND PETER D. ANGEVINE 154. Legal Implications and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633 JANICE F. MULLIGAN, HEATHER HANSEN, JESSICA UITTO, PAUL CRAIG, AND STEVEN R. GARFIN 155. Unresolved Postoperative Spine Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649 WILLIAM C. LAUERMAN AND STEVEN C. SCHERPING 156. Medical Complications Associated with Spinal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665 ELI M. BARON AND TODD J. ALBERT
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